refers to a spurious mark which is identical with, or substantially indistinguishable from, a registered trademark.

refers to any of the following information conveyed in connection with copies or phonorecords of a work or performances or displays of a work, including in digital form, except that such term does not include any personally identifying information about a user of a work or of a copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of a work:

1. The title and other information identifying the work, including the information set forth on a notice of copyright.
2. The name of, and other identifying information about, the author of a work.
3. The name of, and other identifying information about, the copyright owner of the work, including the information set forth in a notice of copyright.
4. With the exception of public performances of works by radio and television broadcast stations, the name of, and other identifying information about, a performer whose performance is fixed in a work other than an audiovisual work.
5. With the exception of public performances of works by radio and television broadcast stations, in the case of an audiovisual work, the name of, and other identifying information about, a writer, performer, or director who is credited in the audiovisual work.
6. Terms and conditions for use of the work.
7. Identifying numbers or symbols referring to such information or links to such information.
8. Such other information as the Register of Copyrights may prescribe by regulation, except that the Register of Copyrights may not require the provision of any information concerning the user of a copyrighted work.

refer to material objects, other than phonorecords, in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term "copies" includes the material object, other than a phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed.

refers to the situation where there is a Likelihood of Confusion between two or more trademarks.

refers to a condition which delays the vesting of a right until an event happens. In real estate law, it is a fact or event which must exist or happen before a right becomes vested

refers to a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result.

refers to a work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship.

refers to works, such as a periodical issues, anthologies, or encyclopedias, in which a number of contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole.

The Central government office responsible for registering copyrights and agreements affecting a copyright in India.

Violation of copyright through unauthorized copying or use of a work or other subject matter under copyright.

A tribunal that reviews and must approve all fees. The Board can also set royalties when asked to do so by either a collective or a user of a collective's repertoire.

The right granted by the COP (Comissioner of patents to one or more parties to produce a patented invention. It is granted as a measure againt the abuse of patent rights.

A mark that clearly describes a feature of a ware or service and that is therefore not registrable as a trademark

Marks identifying goods or services meeting a defined standard (e.g., Wool Mark on clothing).

Official confirmation that your trademark, design or copyright has been registered.

Copyright protects the original expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves. It comes into existence automatically and gives you the right to control and exploit the copying of your original works of art, literature, music, films, broadcasts and computer programs for a period of 60 years. The copyright notice © generally indicates that the work is protected and identifies the copyright owner, although it is not necessary to display this notice for copyright to subsist.

Information and materials of commercial or personal value kept secret from the general public.

A company is the name given to a corporate entity incorporated within the Republic of India. This may not necessarily be the business name that the company trades under. An entity may trade under its company name without having a registered business name.

Patents, Trade Marks, Designs and Plant Breeder’s Rights each have an internationally recognised classification system which divides their respective applications into different technology groups, classes of services or goods, or plant varieties. India uses these classification systems to assist with searching our databases of patents, trademarks, designs and plant varieties.

Classes for patents are determined by the International Patent Classification system; Trade Marks by the NICE International Classification; designs by the Locarno System of Classification; and plant breeder’s rights by the International Union for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV).

Term originated by author William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer the word Cyberspace is currently used to describe the whole range of information resources available through computer networks.

Cyberpunk was originally a cultural sub-genre of science fiction taking place in a not-so-distant, dystopian, over-industrialized society. The term grew out of the work of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling and has evolved into a cultural label encompassing many different kinds of human, machine, and punk attitudes. It includes clothing and lifestyle choices as well.

The most common way of protecting electronic transactions is through cryptography (i.e. encryption techniques). Cryptography uses sophisticated mathematical algorithms, particularly a technology known as “asymmetric cryptography”. Cryptography can be differentiated between the following:

Use of cryptography for confidentiality of a message; and

Use of cryptography in digital signatures

Any person would like his transaction to be confidential. This can be achieved through encryption and decryption techniques. In this case, an encryption process would code a message and the coded message would then be transmitted over the net. Thus only users having capability to decrypt that coded message would have access to the content. For successful decryption, it is important that the decrypting technique is corresponding to that particular encrypting technique. It is also important that the encryption process is secure enough, so that it cannot be easily cracked. The strength of the encryption depends on the key length used by the encryption software. As of today a key length up to 128-bits can be used. Encryption however, may hamper national security, as detection of espionage activities by government authorities becomes more difficult.

Encryption and decryption techniques involve the use of two kinds of keys, public keys and private keys, both of which are mathematically linked. One key is used for encryption and other corresponding key is used for decryption. Each user has a pair of keys, of which the private key is kept secret and the public key is open to all. Thus if X wants to send a message to Y, X will encrypt the message with Y’s public key and send it to Y. The message can only Y would be able to access the message.

Convergence

Convergence has been recognised between broadcasting, information and communication sector which, until now, are separated. Regulation till date is seen as sector specific whereas Competition Law is more general. All over the world, the present approach is to stimulate a dynamic competition market for communication service, to consolidate the internal market in a converging environment, to restrict regulation to necessary minimum and to aim at technology neutrality and to accommodate converging market.

The Convergence Bill, 2000 was introduced with the following objectives, as stated in the Preamble:

to facilitate development of national infrastructure for an information based society;

to provide choice of services to the people with a view to promoting plurality of news, views and information.

to establish a licensing framework for carriage and content of information in the scenario of convergence of telecommunication, broadcasting, data communication, multimedia and other related technologies;

to establish a regulatory framework for information content and carriage;

to establish the powers and functions of a single regulatory and licensing authority; to establish powers and procedures to facilitate the administration of the Act.

The most common meaning of “Cookie” on the Internet refers to a piece of information sent by a Web Server to a Web Browser that the Browser software is expected to save and to send back to the Server whenever the browser makes additional requests from the Server.

Depending on the type of Cookie used, and the Browser’s settings, the Browser may accept or not accept the Cookie, and may save the Cookie for either a short time or a long time.

Cookies might contain information such as login or registration information, online “shopping cart” information, user preferences, etc.

When a Server receives a request from a Browser that includes a Cookie, the Server is able to use the information stored in the Cookie. For example, the Server might customize what is sent back to the user, or keep a log of particular user’s requests.

Cookies are usually set to expire after a predetermined amount of time and are usually saved in memory until the Browser software is closed down, at which time they may be saved to disk if their “expire time” has not been reached.

Cookies do not read your hard drive and send your life story to the CIA, but they can be used to gather more information about a user than would be possible without them.

Most often used to refer to having a server that belongs to one person or group physically located on an Internet-connected network that belongs to another person or group. Usually this is done because the server owner wants their machine to be on a high-speed Internet connection and/or they do not want the security risks of having the server on their own network.

A software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a Server software program on another computer, often across a great distance. Each Client program is designed to work with one or more specific kinds of Server programs, and each Server requires a specific kind of Client. A Web Browser is a specific kind of Client.

An agreement in which the agreement is displayed in a separate window from which it cannot be downloaded or printed.

A form agreement accepted by clicking on, for example, an “I accept” button.

The most common name of a directory on a web server in which CGI programs are stored.
The “bin” part of “cgi-bin” is a shorthand version of “binary”, because once upon a time, most programs were referred to as “binaries”. In real life, most programs found in cgi-bin directories are text files -- scripts that are executed by binaries located elsewhere on the same machine.

(Common Gateway Interface) – It is a set of rules that describe how a Web Server communicates with another piece of software on the same machine, and how the other piece of software (the “CGI program”) communicates with the web server. Any piece of software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard.

Usually, a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and puts the content of a form into an e-mail message, or turns the data into a database query or something of the like.

You can often see that a CGI program is being used by seeing “cgi-bin” in a URL, but not always.

A trusted third party which binds the identity of a particular party to a particular public key and, by implication, a particular private key.